8x2000ml Swing Rotor 

Description 

The PM2610/PM2611 ExcelBand™ Enhanced 3-color High Range Protein Marker is a ready to use three-color protein standard with 12 pre-stained proteins covering a wide range of molecular weights from 10 to 245 kDa in Tris-Glycine buffer (9 to 235 kDa in BisTris (MOPS) buffer and 10-235 kDa in Bis-Tris (MES) buffer). Proteins are covalently coupled with different chromophores for easy identification of bands, with two reference proteins carrying enhanced intensity corresponding to a green at 25 kDa and red at 75 kDa, respectively, as separated on SDS-PAGE (Tris-Glycine buffer). The ExcelBand™ Enhanced 3-color High Range Protein Marker is designed for monitoring protein separation during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, verification of Western transfer efficiency on membranes (PVDF, nylon, or nitrocellulose) and for approximating the size of proteins.

Features

• Ready-to-use — Premixed with a loading buffer for direct loading, no need to boil.
• Two reference bands — 75 kDa (red) and 25 kDa (green)

Contents 

Approximately 0.2~0.6 mg/ml of each protein in the buffer (20 mM Tris-phosphate (pH 7.5 at 25°C), 2 % SDS, 3.6 M Urea, and 15 % (v/v) Glycerol). 

Quality Control 

Under suggested conditions, the PM2610/PM2611 Enhanced 3-color High Range Protein Marker resolves 12 major bands in 15% SDS-PAGE (Tris-Glycine buffer, MOPS, and MES buffer) and after Western blotting to nitrocellulose membrane. 

Storage

4°C for 3 months 
-20°C for long term storage

The PM2610/PM2611 ExcelBand™ Enhanced 3-color High Range Protein Marker is a ready to use three-color protein standard with 12 pre-stained proteins covering a wide range of molecular weights from 10 to 245 kDa in Tris-Glycine buffer (9 to 235 kDa in BisTris (MOPS) buffer and 10-235 kDa in Bis-Tris (MES) buffer). Proteins are covalently coupled with different chromophores for easy identification of bands, with two reference proteins carrying enhanced intensity corresponding to a green at 25 kDa and red at 75 kDa, respectively, as separated on SDS-PAGE (Tris-Glycine buffer). The ExcelBand™ Enhanced 3-color High Range Protein Marker is designed for monitoring protein separation during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, verification of Western transfer efficiency on membranes (PVDF, nylon, or nitrocellulose) and for approximating the size of proteins.

Overview

• Isolate all sizes of circulating and exosomal RNA, including microRNA
• Versatile plasma/serum input ranges
• No phenol extractions
• No carrier RNA
• Bind and elute all RNA irrespective of size or GC content, without bias
• Concentrate circulating RNA and exosomal RNA into a flexible elution volume
• High quality, purified RNA is suitable for a variety of downstream applications, including Small RNA Sequencing. Find out more information on Norgen’s NGS services
• Compatible with Streck Cell-Free RNA BCT® Tubes
• Purification is based on spin column chromatography that uses Norgen’s proprietary resin separation matrix

These kits provide a fast, reliable and convenient method to purify and concentrate high quality, high purity and inhibitor-free cell-free circulating and exosomal RNA using a convenient spin column method. These kits can purify RNA from fresh or frozen serum or plasma samples prepared from blood collected on either EDTA or Citrate. Plasma samples prepared from blood collected on heparin should not be used, as heparin can significantly interfere with many downstream applications such as RT-PCR. The purified plasma/serum RNA is fully compatible with all downstream applications including PCR, qPCR, methylation-sensitive reverse transcription qPCR, reverse transcription PCR, Northern blotting, RNase protection and primer extension, expression array assays, and NGS.

Background

Plasma/Serum cell-free circulating RNA or exosomal RNA has the potential to provide biomarkers for certain cancers and disease states. Exosomes are 40 – 150 nm membrane vesicles, which are secreted by most cell types. Exosomes can be found in saliva, blood, urine, amniotic fluid and malignant ascitic fluids, among other biological fluids. Evidence has been accumulating recently that these vesicles act as cellular messengers, conveying information to distant cells and tissues within the body. These exosomes may play a functional role in mediating adaptive immune responses to infectious agents and tumours, tissue repair, neural communication and transfer of pathogenic proteins. For this reason exosomal RNAs may serve as biomarkers for various diseases including cancer. As the RNA molecules encapsulated within exosomes are protected from degradation by RNAses they can be efficiently recovered from biological fluids, such as plasma or serum.

Plasma/Serum RNA Purification Mini Kit

This kit can purify RNA from fresh or frozen serum or plasma samples prepared from blood collected on either EDTA or Citrate, from volumes ranging from 50 µL to 200 µL. The purified plasma/serum RNA is eluted in a flexible final volume of 10 µL to 25 µL.

Plasma/Serum RNA Purification Midi Kit

This utilizes a two column method, and can purify RNA from fresh or frozen serum or plasma samples prepared from blood collected on either EDTA or Citrate, from volumes ranging from 250 µL to 1.5 mL. The first column will handle the large volume input of bodily fluids that is followed by a concentration on a mini column for a final elution of 50 µL to 100 µL.

Plasma/Serum RNA Purification Maxi Kit

This kit can purify RNA from fresh or frozen serum or plasma samples prepared from blood collected on either EDTA or Citrate, from volumes ranging from 2 mL to 5 mL. The first column will handle the large volume input of bodily fluids that is followed by a concentration on a mini column for a final elution of 50 µL to 100 µL.

Isolate RNA after Purifying EVs and Exosomes

For Ultracentrifugation, Exoquick, and Filtration

Cat. #	Name	Elution Volume	Plasma/Serum	Urine	Cell-Culture Media
55000	Plasma/Serum RNA Purification Mini Kit	10 – 25 µL	50 µL – 1 mL	250 µL – 1 mL	5 – 10 mL
35300	Total RNA Purification Micro Kit	20 – 50 µL	1 – 4 mL	2 – 10 mL	10 – 20 mL
17200	Total RNA Purification Kit	50 – 100 µL	4 – 10 mL	11 – 30 mL	20 – 35 mL

Details

Supporting Data

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Kit Specifications
Sample Volume Range	50 to 200 μL
Anti-coagulant (for Plasma)*	EDTA or Citrate
Size of RNA Purified	All sizes, including small RNA (< 200 nt)
Minimum Elution Volume	10 μL
Maximum Elution Volume	25 μL
Time to Complete 10 Purifications	15-20 minutes
Average Yield**	Variable depending on specimen

*This kit is suitable for the isolation of RNA from fresh or frozen serum or plasma prepared from blood collected on either EDTA or Citrate. Plasma samples prepared from blood collected on heparin should not be used as heparin can significantly interfere with many downstream applications such as RT-PCR.

**Please check page 7 for Average Plasma/Serum Yields and Common RNA Quantification Methods.

Storage Conditions and Product Stability

All solutions should be kept tightly sealed and stored at room temperature. This kit is stable for 2 years after the date of shipment. It is recommended to warm Lysis Buffer A for 20 minutes at 60°C if any salt precipitation is observed.

Kit Components	Cat. 55000 (50 preps)	Cat. 56100 (20 preps)	Cat. 56200 (10 preps)
Lysis Buffer A	2 x 20 mL	100 mL	1 x 130 mL 1 x 30 mL
Wash Solution A	18 mL	1 x 38 mL 1 x 18 mL	38 mL
Elution Solution A	6 mL	6 mL	6 mL
Elution Buffer F	–	15 mL	15 mL
Micro Spin Columns	50	–	–
Mini Spin Columns	–	20	10
Midi Spin Columns	–	20	–
Maxi Spin Columns	–	–	10
Collection Tubes	50	20	10
Elution Tubes (1.7 mL)	50	20	10
Product Insert	1	1	1

What is Apoptosis?

Apoptosis is an essentially normal physiological process that removes now redundant, cells, particularly during embryonic development and early growth. In adult animals the process removes cells that are irreparable. The apoptotic process is also involved in many major diseases such as cancer, where transformed tumour cells have their apoptotic process disabled, permitting cell cycling to continue unchecked. In contrast some forms of senile dementia may result from excessive apoptotic induction of neural cells.

The apoptotic process in mammalian cells is a rapid event (2‐4 hours). Within this short time span an apparently viable cell can be quietly dismantled, to disappear leaving no visible trace of its former existence.

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How is apoptosis detected or measured?

An apoptosis cascade of activators, effectors and regulators has been identified. This in turn led to a range of apoptosis assays being devised to detect and monitor these events. Some laboratories will employ two distinct assays, one selected to detect early (initiation) apoptotic events, while a second assay will target a later (execution) event. Apoptosis assays, based on methodology, can be classified into four major inter‐linked groups:

[1] DNA fragmentation (electrophoresis and nick end labelling, TUNEL).

‍[2] Apoptotic proteases (fluorescently labelled antibodies to the caspases).

[3] Flow cytometric analysis (FACS, incorporating other group assays).

‍[4] Membrane alterations (phosphatidylserine flip).

Biocolor’s APOPercentage assay is based on the latter. Further information can be found under the ‘Mode of Action’ Tab.

How does APOPercentage detect apoptosis?

The mammalian cell membrane has been described as a semi‐fluid mosaic structure, composed of phospholipids with a diverse group of inserted proteins and some cholesterol. The phospholipids are the major components of the membrane and are arranged in the form of a ‘bi‐layer’; which is asymmetric in composition, structure, and function.  

To ensure normal transmembrane functions the phospholipids must be maintained in an asymmetric composition. The process is regulated by ‘flippases’, which catalyse the active transport of aminophospholipids from the outer to inner monolayer. However, in cells undergoing apoptosis, flippase is overwhelmed by the action of another enzyme, termed ‘floppase’ or ‘scramblase’. The net effect is a scrambling of the phospholipid distribution between the inner and outer monolayers.

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The APOPercentage assay utilises an intense, pink-coloured dye reagent which is taken up during in-vitro culture by apoptosis-committed cells. This uptake occurs at the stage of Phosphatidylserine transmembrane movement, as produced by the flipflop mechanism. Dye uptake continues until blebbing occurs. No further dye can then enter the now defunct cell and the dye that has accumulated within the cell is not released (unlike necrotic cells which release dye).  

Since the dye reagent is excluded or not retained by healthy or necrotic cells it therefore acts as a specific label for apoptotic cells.

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How are APOPercentage-labelled cells quantified?

Labelled apoptosis cells may then by conveniently analysed by the following methods:

Direct Analysis
The intense pink colour of the labelled cells can be visually assessed using brightfield microscopy. Apoptosis in substrate-adherent cell populations is therefore readily quantified using image analysis techniques. This technique is the most sensitive with the ability of detecting one single apoptotic cell per well.

Colorimetry protocol
Dye that accumulates within apoptotic cells is released into solution via addition of Dye Release Reagent. The concentration of this intracellular dye is then measured at 550nm using a microplate colorimeter/spectrophotometer.

NB: The APOPercentage assay kit does NOT require the use of a Flow Cytometer.

Limit of Detection

A single cell (via image analysis method)

Detection Method

Colorimetric (550nm) (Endpoint) or Image Analysis based

Measurements per kit

Sufficient for 4×24 well plates or 6×96 well plates

Suitable Samples

Adherent mammalian cells (in-vitro)

APOPercentage kit contents:

1. APOPercentage Dye (1x5ml)

2. Dye Release Reagent (1x150ml)

3. Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) (1x120ml)

4. 24-well starter plate.

5. Assay kit manual.

The Colorimetric Protocol requires a Microplate Colorimeter / Spectrophotometer.

Additional 96-well plates will be required for use when reading dye absorbance values.

The Direct Detection Protocol Requires an inverted stage microscope with an attached digital camera.

‍NB: Additional reagents (typically culture medium and suitable apoptosis treatments) may be required for sample preparation prior to assay. Consult manual or contact us for further details.

The APOPercentage™ Apoptosis kit is a dye-based, colorimetric assay for detection and measurement of apoptosis (programmed cell death) during in-vitro cell culture.