Description

Salmonella spp. are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, flagellated, rod-shaped organisms. They are approximately 0.7 to 1.5 µm in diameter and 2 to 5 µm in length and responsible for a large number of cases of foodborne illness throughout the world. Salmonella have circular DNA genomes with a mean length of approximately 4530 kb, although this can vary by up 1000 kb. Salmonella classification is extremely complex, however, the genus is divided into two species: S. enterica and S.bongori. S. enterica is then itself divided into 6 biochemically distinct subspecies and the Salmonella genus is further classified into serovars (serotypes) based on the lipopolysaccharide (O), flagella protein (H), and sometimes the capsular (VI) antigens. There are more than 2500 known serovars and within a serovar there may be strains that differ in virulence.

Salmonella are mainly transmitted by the faecal-oral route. They are carried asymptomatically in the intestines or gall bladder of many animals, being continuously or intermittently shed in the faeces. Humans can become infected if they do not wash their hands after contact with infected animals or animal faeces. In such instances the bacteria adhere to and enter the cells of the intestinal epithelium. The toxins produced by the bacteria can damage and kill the cells that line the intestines, which results in intestinal fluid loss. The bacteria can survive for weeks in a dry environment and far longer in water thus they are frequently present in polluted waters. Salmonella can also be carried latently in the mesenteric lymph nodes or tonsils; these bacteria are not shed, but can become reactivated after stress or immunosuppression. In addition, fomites and vectors can spread Salmonella and vertical transmission occurs in birds, with contamination of the vitalize membrane, albumen and possibly the yolk of eggs. Salmonella spp. can also be transmitted in utero in mammals.

There are two different disease conditions that are distinct to salmonellosis; gastroenteritis and enteric typhoid fever. The gastroenteritis is a nonsystemic infection of the intestinal tract and regional lymph nodes that gives rise to headache, muscle aches, diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, chills, fever, nausea and dehydration. In contrast, the enteric typhoid fever is a systemic disease in which the microorganism replicates within the cells of the reticuloendothelial system. The symptoms usually appear 6 to 72 hours after ingesting contaminated food although individuals can be infected with the bacteria without having symptoms. Those with and without symptoms shed the bacteria in their stool and it is important that personal hygiene be maintained at all times.

Exceptional value for money
Rapid detection of all clinically relevant subtypes
Positive copy number standard curve for quantification
Highly specific detection profile
High priming efficiency
Broad dynamic detection range (>6 logs)
Sensitive to < 100 copies of target Accurate controls to confirm findings

Introduction

This kit provides a simple and fast solution for the extraction of circulating nuclear acid from serum, plasma, and other cell-free liquid samples. Circulating nucleic acid refers to the free extracellular nucleic acid produced by cell apoptosis, of which fragments are generally below 1KB. The kit is based on silica gel column purification technology, which is no need for toxic phenol chloroform extraction and time-consuming alcohol precipitation during the extraction. The obtained Circulating Nucleic Acid can be directly used for quantitative PCR, liquid or solid phase chip analysis, hybridization, and SNP detection.
HiPure Circulating DNA/RNA Kit adopts a unique solution system and multiple layers of filter membranes with different pore sizes, which can efficiently process large volumes of serum and plasma samples and capture extremely small amounts of free nucleic acids.

Details

Specifications

Features	Specifications
Main Functions	Isolation both Circulating DNA/RNA (include miRNA) from 1-5 ml serum and plasma
Applications	qPCR / RT-PCR, liquid or solid-phasechip analysis, hybridization and SNP detection
Purification method	Midi spin column
Purification technology	Silica technology, DNA filtration technology
Process method	Manual (centrifugation or vacuum)
Sample type	serum, plasma, and other cell-free liquid samples
Sample amount	1-5 ml
Elution volume	≥20μl
Time per run	≤100 minutes
Liquid carrying volume per column	4 ml
Binding yield of column	1 mg

Principle

This kit is based on silica gel column technology. Serum or other liquid samples are lysed and digested in buffer CFL. After adding buffer CFP, the protein is removed by centrifugation to obtain the supernatant. Isopropanol is added to precipitate the total nucleic acid and transferred to the column for filtration. DNA / RNA is adsorbed on the membrane of the column, while the protein is not adsorbed and removed with the filtrate.The column is washed with buffer MGW1 to remove protein and other impurities, and then washed with buffer RW2 to remove salt. Finally, DNA / RNA is eluted by low salt buffer. The eluted DNA / RNA can be directly used for quantitative PCR/ RT-PCR, liquid or solid-phase chip analysis, hybridization and SNP detection.

Advantages

• High yield – most optimized process to obtain maximum free RNA and small RNA
• High concentration – low elution volume (>20μl) to ensure nucleic acid concentration
• High purity – low alcohol combination, completely remove inhibitor and protein pollution
• High recovery – silica gel column technology can recover nucleic acid molecules at the level of PG
• Large volume – 1-2ml serum and plasma samples can be processed at one time

Kit Contents

Contents	R431602	D431603
Purification Times	50 Preps	250 Preps
HiPure RNA Micro Columns	50	5 x 50
HiPure Viral Midi Columns	50	5 x 50
15 ml Collection Tubes	50	5 x 50
2ml Collection Tubes	50	5 x 50
Buffer CFL	150 ml	2 x 375 ml
Buffer CFP	30 ml	150 ml
Buffer MGW1*	100 ml	2 x 250 ml
Buffer RW2*	2 x 50 ml	5 x 100 ml
RNase Free Water	10 ml	50 ml

Storage and Stability

The kit components can be stored at room temperature (15–25°C) and are stable for at least 18 months under these conditions.

This kit provides a simple and fast solution for the extraction of circulating nuclear acid from serum, plasma, and other cell-free liquid samples. Circulating nucleic acid refers to the free extracellular nucleic acid produced by cell apoptosis, of which fragments are generally below 1KB. The kit is based on silica gel column purification technology, which is no need for toxic phenol chloroform extraction and time-consuming alcohol precipitation during the extraction. The obtained Circulating Nucleic Acid can be directly used for quantitative PCR, liquid or solid phase chip analysis, hybridization, and SNP detection.
HiPure Circulating DNA/RNA Kit adopts a unique solution system and multiple layers of filter membranes with different pore sizes, which can efficiently process large volumes of serum and plasma samples and capture extremely small amounts of free nucleic acids.

Description

Specifications

Clone	IHC654
Source	Mouse Monoclonal
Positive Control	Prostate, Prostate Carcinoma
Dilution Range	1:200

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a serine protease of the kallikrein family, that is produced by the prostate epithelium and epithelial lining of the periurethral glands. Although considered prostate-specific, PSA has also been detected in breast tissue, breast tumors, endometrium, adrenal neoplasms, and renal cell carcinomas. Anti-PSA can be used for differentiating high-grade prostate adenocarcinoma from high-grade urothelial carcinoma, as well as for determining the prostatic origin of carcinomas in non-prostate tissues. Anti-PSA recognizes primary and metastatic prostatic neoplasms, but not tumors of nonprostatic origin, and can be useful as an aid to confirm prostatic acinar cell origin in primary and metastatic carcinomas.