Acanthocheilonema viteae – IgG ELISA

Product Description

Product Detail

Kit Storage and term of Validity

Storage term: stored at ≤-20℃,keep away from light, avoid heavy weight and repeated freezing and thawing.

Term of Validity: 14 months

Isothermal nucleic acid Principle Summary

This kit is based on a rapid nucleic acid amplification technology at room temperature and constant temperature: at room temperature and constant temperature (generally 39 ºC~42 ºC), reverse transcriptase uses specific primers and template RNA to synthesize cDNA strands, and binds the auxiliary protein and single strand With the help of the protein, the recombinase and the primer form a complex; perform a homology search and bind the target homology domain, at this time a D-loop region is formed at the homology position and strand exchange begins; accompanied by the recombinase from the complex Upon dissociation, the polymerase also binds to the 3′ end of the primer, initiating chain extension. Relying on the action of nfo enzyme, adding specific molecular probes designed according to the template, and using colloidal gold technology (sandwich method) can detect the final result.

Isothermal nucleic acid Product Features

1/ High sensitivity and specificity, short reaction time.

2/ The reagent form is freeze-dried, stable and easy to operate.

3/ The reaction can be operated by metal bath and water bath pot without purchasing expensive PCR apparatus.

Technical Parameters:

Parameters	Details
Product Name	RNA Isothermal Amplification Kit NFO
Manufacturer	Amp-future
Storage Temperature	-20°C
Kit Components	Enzymes, Buffers ,Reagents
Packaging	48 Tests/box
Detection Limit	500-1000copies/µL
Shipping	ICE
Test Time	5-20mins

Isothermal nucleic acid Applications

Suitable for RNA isothermal rapid amplification kit(NFO type)

Primer: Require pair of nucleotide primers with the length of 25-35 bp.

RNA NFO kit reaction temperature is 39 to 42℃ and time is 5-20 minutes.

Notes

1/ Please avoid nucleic acid contamination and set blank control during reaction due to the high sensitivity of the kit.

2/ Please take out the required quantity of MIRA reaction units for the experiment, and put the rest under storage conditions when performing the experiment.

What is Apoptosis?

Apoptosis is an essentially normal physiological process that removes now redundant, cells, particularly during embryonic development and early growth. In adult animals the process removes cells that are irreparable. The apoptotic process is also involved in many major diseases such as cancer, where transformed tumour cells have their apoptotic process disabled, permitting cell cycling to continue unchecked. In contrast some forms of senile dementia may result from excessive apoptotic induction of neural cells.

The apoptotic process in mammalian cells is a rapid event (2‐4 hours). Within this short time span an apparently viable cell can be quietly dismantled, to disappear leaving no visible trace of its former existence.

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How is apoptosis detected or measured?

An apoptosis cascade of activators, effectors and regulators has been identified. This in turn led to a range of apoptosis assays being devised to detect and monitor these events. Some laboratories will employ two distinct assays, one selected to detect early (initiation) apoptotic events, while a second assay will target a later (execution) event. Apoptosis assays, based on methodology, can be classified into four major inter‐linked groups:

[1] DNA fragmentation (electrophoresis and nick end labelling, TUNEL).

‍[2] Apoptotic proteases (fluorescently labelled antibodies to the caspases).

[3] Flow cytometric analysis (FACS, incorporating other group assays).

‍[4] Membrane alterations (phosphatidylserine flip).

Biocolor’s APOPercentage assay is based on the latter. Further information can be found under the ‘Mode of Action’ Tab.

How does APOPercentage detect apoptosis?

The mammalian cell membrane has been described as a semi‐fluid mosaic structure, composed of phospholipids with a diverse group of inserted proteins and some cholesterol. The phospholipids are the major components of the membrane and are arranged in the form of a ‘bi‐layer’; which is asymmetric in composition, structure, and function.  

To ensure normal transmembrane functions the phospholipids must be maintained in an asymmetric composition. The process is regulated by ‘flippases’, which catalyse the active transport of aminophospholipids from the outer to inner monolayer. However, in cells undergoing apoptosis, flippase is overwhelmed by the action of another enzyme, termed ‘floppase’ or ‘scramblase’. The net effect is a scrambling of the phospholipid distribution between the inner and outer monolayers.

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The APOPercentage assay utilises an intense, pink-coloured dye reagent which is taken up during in-vitro culture by apoptosis-committed cells. This uptake occurs at the stage of Phosphatidylserine transmembrane movement, as produced by the flipflop mechanism. Dye uptake continues until blebbing occurs. No further dye can then enter the now defunct cell and the dye that has accumulated within the cell is not released (unlike necrotic cells which release dye).  

Since the dye reagent is excluded or not retained by healthy or necrotic cells it therefore acts as a specific label for apoptotic cells.

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How are APOPercentage-labelled cells quantified?

Labelled apoptosis cells may then by conveniently analysed by the following methods:

Direct Analysis
The intense pink colour of the labelled cells can be visually assessed using brightfield microscopy. Apoptosis in substrate-adherent cell populations is therefore readily quantified using image analysis techniques. This technique is the most sensitive with the ability of detecting one single apoptotic cell per well.

Colorimetry protocol
Dye that accumulates within apoptotic cells is released into solution via addition of Dye Release Reagent. The concentration of this intracellular dye is then measured at 550nm using a microplate colorimeter/spectrophotometer.

NB: The APOPercentage assay kit does NOT require the use of a Flow Cytometer.

Limit of Detection

A single cell (via image analysis method)

Detection Method

Colorimetric (550nm) (Endpoint) or Image Analysis based

Measurements per kit

Sufficient for 4×24 well plates or 6×96 well plates

Suitable Samples

Adherent mammalian cells (in-vitro)

APOPercentage kit contents:

1. APOPercentage Dye (1x5ml)

2. Dye Release Reagent (1x150ml)

3. Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) (1x120ml)

4. 24-well starter plate.

5. Assay kit manual.

The Colorimetric Protocol requires a Microplate Colorimeter / Spectrophotometer.

Additional 96-well plates will be required for use when reading dye absorbance values.

The Direct Detection Protocol Requires an inverted stage microscope with an attached digital camera.

‍NB: Additional reagents (typically culture medium and suitable apoptosis treatments) may be required for sample preparation prior to assay. Consult manual or contact us for further details.

The APOPercentage™ Apoptosis kit is a dye-based, colorimetric assay for detection and measurement of apoptosis (programmed cell death) during in-vitro cell culture.

Overview

• Quantified standard to be used as a positive control or PCR quantification standard
• Vigorously quantified using multiple methods
• Includes partial sequence of STX-1 subunit A, and STX-2 subunit A genes (please refer to product insert for more details)
• Compatible with E. coli O157:H7 TaqMan PCR Detection Kit and E. coli O157:H7 TaqMan PCR Detection Probe/Primer and Control Set

E. coli O157:H7 is a rod-shaped, gram negative bacterium. It is an enterohemorrhagic strain of the common E. coli bacterium and infection by the O157:H7 strain is commonly associated with hemorrhagic colitis. E. coli O157:H7 is recognized by its somatic (cell wall) antigen (O157) and its flagella antigen (H7). In addition, E. coli O157:H7 is known to produce Shiga-like toxins, which cause severe symptoms. While most patients can recover from the infection, up to 15% of the patients may develop hemolytic uremic syndrome, a type of kidney failure that could be fatal. Infection of E. coli O157:H7 usually results from consumption of poorly prepared food including undercooked meat (particularly ground beef), untreated water or raw unpasteurized milk.

Norgen’s E. coli O157:H7 Quantified Bacterial DNA Standards are cloned fragments of the two Shiga-like toxin regions purified using Norgen’s sample preparation technology. They include partial sequences of STX-1 subunit A gene and STX-2 subunit A gene. Please refer to Appendix A for sequence information. The purified DNA is quantified vigorously using multiple methods including spectrophotometry, gel densitometry and real-time PCR. It is intended to be used as positive controls or PCR quantification standards for E. coli O157:H7. This product is compatible with Norgen Biotek’s E. coli O157:H7 Taqman PCR Detection Kit (Cat. TM41350) and E. coli O157:H7 Taqman PCR Detection Probe/Primer and Control Set (Cat. TM41310).

Details

Supporting Data

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Volume Provided	250 μL (for STX1)250 μL (for STX2)
DNA Quantity	2 x 104 copies per μL

Storage Conditions
Upon receipt, store Norgen’s E. coli O157:H7 Quantified Bacterial DNA Standards at -20°C or lower. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. If needed, prepare smaller working aliquots and store at -20°C or lower.