Aspergillus fumigatus – IgG ELISA

What is Apoptosis?

Apoptosis is an essentially normal physiological process that removes now redundant, cells, particularly during embryonic development and early growth. In adult animals the process removes cells that are irreparable. The apoptotic process is also involved in many major diseases such as cancer, where transformed tumour cells have their apoptotic process disabled, permitting cell cycling to continue unchecked. In contrast some forms of senile dementia may result from excessive apoptotic induction of neural cells.

The apoptotic process in mammalian cells is a rapid event (2‐4 hours). Within this short time span an apparently viable cell can be quietly dismantled, to disappear leaving no visible trace of its former existence.

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How is apoptosis detected or measured?

An apoptosis cascade of activators, effectors and regulators has been identified. This in turn led to a range of apoptosis assays being devised to detect and monitor these events. Some laboratories will employ two distinct assays, one selected to detect early (initiation) apoptotic events, while a second assay will target a later (execution) event. Apoptosis assays, based on methodology, can be classified into four major inter‐linked groups:

[1] DNA fragmentation (electrophoresis and nick end labelling, TUNEL).

‍[2] Apoptotic proteases (fluorescently labelled antibodies to the caspases).

[3] Flow cytometric analysis (FACS, incorporating other group assays).

‍[4] Membrane alterations (phosphatidylserine flip).

Biocolor’s APOPercentage assay is based on the latter. Further information can be found under the ‘Mode of Action’ Tab.

How does APOPercentage detect apoptosis?

The mammalian cell membrane has been described as a semi‐fluid mosaic structure, composed of phospholipids with a diverse group of inserted proteins and some cholesterol. The phospholipids are the major components of the membrane and are arranged in the form of a ‘bi‐layer’; which is asymmetric in composition, structure, and function.  

To ensure normal transmembrane functions the phospholipids must be maintained in an asymmetric composition. The process is regulated by ‘flippases’, which catalyse the active transport of aminophospholipids from the outer to inner monolayer. However, in cells undergoing apoptosis, flippase is overwhelmed by the action of another enzyme, termed ‘floppase’ or ‘scramblase’. The net effect is a scrambling of the phospholipid distribution between the inner and outer monolayers.

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The APOPercentage assay utilises an intense, pink-coloured dye reagent which is taken up during in-vitro culture by apoptosis-committed cells. This uptake occurs at the stage of Phosphatidylserine transmembrane movement, as produced by the flipflop mechanism. Dye uptake continues until blebbing occurs. No further dye can then enter the now defunct cell and the dye that has accumulated within the cell is not released (unlike necrotic cells which release dye).  

Since the dye reagent is excluded or not retained by healthy or necrotic cells it therefore acts as a specific label for apoptotic cells.

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How are APOPercentage-labelled cells quantified?

Labelled apoptosis cells may then by conveniently analysed by the following methods:

Direct Analysis
The intense pink colour of the labelled cells can be visually assessed using brightfield microscopy. Apoptosis in substrate-adherent cell populations is therefore readily quantified using image analysis techniques. This technique is the most sensitive with the ability of detecting one single apoptotic cell per well.

Colorimetry protocol
Dye that accumulates within apoptotic cells is released into solution via addition of Dye Release Reagent. The concentration of this intracellular dye is then measured at 550nm using a microplate colorimeter/spectrophotometer.

NB: The APOPercentage assay kit does NOT require the use of a Flow Cytometer.

Limit of Detection

A single cell (via image analysis method)

Detection Method

Colorimetric (550nm) (Endpoint) or Image Analysis based

Measurements per kit

Sufficient for 4×24 well plates or 6×96 well plates

Suitable Samples

Adherent mammalian cells (in-vitro)

APOPercentage kit contents:

1. APOPercentage Dye (1x5ml)

2. Dye Release Reagent (1x150ml)

3. Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) (1x120ml)

4. 24-well starter plate.

5. Assay kit manual.

The Colorimetric Protocol requires a Microplate Colorimeter / Spectrophotometer.

Additional 96-well plates will be required for use when reading dye absorbance values.

The Direct Detection Protocol Requires an inverted stage microscope with an attached digital camera.

‍NB: Additional reagents (typically culture medium and suitable apoptosis treatments) may be required for sample preparation prior to assay. Consult manual or contact us for further details.

The APOPercentage™ Apoptosis kit is a dye-based, colorimetric assay for detection and measurement of apoptosis (programmed cell death) during in-vitro cell culture.

Description

FluoroDye™ DNA Fluorescent Loading Dye is a ready-to-use 6X DNA loading dye designed for fast qualitative electrophoresis analysis. Containing sensitive fluorescent dye with high specific affinity towards double stranded DNA (dsDNA), the FluoroDye™ Fluorescent DNA Loading Dye has negligible background and renders destaining process unnecessary. The FluoroDye™ DNA Fluorescent Loading Dye allows the user to immediately visualize electrophoresis result upon completion or to monitor the electrophoresis in real time. FluoroDye™ DNA Fluorescent Loading Dye is compatible with both the conventional UV gel-illuminating system as well as the less harmful long wavelength blue light illumination system. FluoroDye™ emission as bound to dsDNA is 522 nm, while its excitation peaks are at 270, 370 and 497 nm.

Features:

• Excellent for premix with DNA samples
• Sensitivity: 0.14 ng (DNA)
• A safer alternative to EtBr
• Compatibility: suitable to blue or UV light
• Increased cloning efficiency (blue light)

Composition 

FluoroDye™ DNA Fluorescent Loading Dye is stored in 6X concentration in 60% glycerol and buffered with Tris-HCl and EDTA, containing Bromophenol blue, Xylene cyanol FF and Orange G as tracking dyes.

Storage

Protected from light
 -20°C for 24 months

FluoroDye™ DNA Fluorescent Loading Dye is a ready-to-use 6X DNA loading dye designed for fast qualitative electrophoresis analysis. Containing sensitive fluorescent dye with high specific affinity towards double stranded DNA (dsDNA), the FluoroDye™ Fluorescent DNA Loading Dye has negligible background and renders destaining process unnecessary. The FluoroDye™ DNA Fluorescent Loading Dye allows the user to immediately visualize electrophoresis result upon completion or to monitor the electrophoresis in real time. FluoroDye™ DNA Fluorescent Loading Dye is compatible with both the conventional UV gel-illuminating system as well as the less harmful long wavelength blue light illumination system. FluoroDye™ emission as bound to dsDNA is 522 nm, while its excitation peaks are at 270, 370 and 497 nm.

Product Description

High Sensitivity RNA Amplification With Improved Detection Isothermal Kit

Product Detail

Applicable equipment:

It is recommended to use the Isothermal fluorescence detector developed by Amp-future, which is also suitable for fluorescence quantitative PCR apparatus with market known brands.

Kit Storage and term of Validity

Storage term: stored at ≤-20℃,keep away from light, avoid heavy weight and repeated freezing and thawing.

Term of Validity: 14 months

Isothermal nucleic acid Principle Summary

This kit is based on a rapid nucleic acid amplification technology at room temperature and constant temperature: at room temperature and constant temperature (generally 39℃~42℃), with the help of auxiliary proteins and single-strand binding proteins,the recombinase and primers form a complex;Source search and combine the target homology domain, at this time,a D-loop region is formed at the homology position and strand exchange begins;along with the dissociation of the recombinase from the complex,the polymerase also binds to the 3′ end of the primer and begins chain extension. At the same time, relying on the function of exonuclease, adding specific molecular probes designed according to the template, and using fluorescence monitoring equipment can realize real-time monitoring of the amplification process of the target fragment.

Isothermal nucleic acid Product Features

1/ High sensitivity and specificity, short reaction time.

2/ The reagent form is freeze-dried, stable and easy to operate.

Technical Parameters:

Parameters	Details
Product Name	DNA Isothermal Amplification Kit EXO
Manufacturer	Amp-future
Storage Temperature	-20°C
Kit Components	Enzymes, Buffers ,Reagents
Packaging	48 Tests/box
Detection Limit	500-1000copies/µL
Shipping	ICE
Test Time	5-20mins

Isothermal nucleic acid Applications

Suitable for DNA isothermal rapid amplification kit(fluorescent type)

Primer: Require pair of nucleotide primers with the length of 25-35 bp.

Fluorescent Probe:Require the suitable length is 46-52nt.

DNA fluorescent kit reaction temperature is 39 to 42℃ and time is 5-20 minutes.

Notes

1/ Please avoid nucleic acid contamination and set blank control during reaction due to the high sensitivity of the kit.

2/ Please take out the required quantity of MIRA reaction units for the experiment, and put the rest under storage conditions when performing the experiment.

It is recommended to use the Isothermal fluorescence detector developed by Amp-future, which is also suitable for fluorescence quantitative PCR apparatus with market known brands.