Bis-propargyl-PEG12 has two alkyne groups at both ends of the linker. With the catalyzation of copper, the alkyne groups reacts with azide compounds to form stable triazole linkages. The PEG spacer enhances the water-solubility of the compound. Reagent grade, for research purpose. Please contact us for GMP-grade inquiries.
Bis-propargyl-PEG12 has two alkyne groups at both ends of the linker. With the catalyzation of copper, the alkyne groups reacts with azide compounds to form stable triazole linkages. The PEG spacer enhances the water-solubility of the compound. Reagent grade, for research purpose. Please contact us for GMP-grade inquiries.
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Ladder Properties:
• 22 discrete bands, ranging from 60 bp to 600 bp
Storage:
• Store at -20°C in small aliquots. For longer term storage, -70°C is recommended.
• The product is light-sensitive. Minimize light exposure.
Apoptosis is an essentially normal physiological process that removes now redundant, cells, particularly during embryonic development and early growth. In adult animals the process removes cells that are irreparable. The apoptotic process is also involved in many major diseases such as cancer, where transformed tumour cells have their apoptotic process disabled, permitting cell cycling to continue unchecked. In contrast some forms of senile dementia may result from excessive apoptotic induction of neural cells.
The apoptotic process in mammalian cells is a rapid event (2‐4 hours). Within this short time span an apparently viable cell can be quietly dismantled, to disappear leaving no visible trace of its former existence.
An apoptosis cascade of activators, effectors and regulators has been identified. This in turn led to a range of apoptosis assays being devised to detect and monitor these events. Some laboratories will employ two distinct assays, one selected to detect early (initiation) apoptotic events, while a second assay will target a later (execution) event. Apoptosis assays, based on methodology, can be classified into four major inter‐linked groups:
[1] DNA fragmentation (electrophoresis and nick end labelling, TUNEL).
[2] Apoptotic proteases (fluorescently labelled antibodies to the caspases).
[3] Flow cytometric analysis (FACS, incorporating other group assays).
[4] Membrane alterations (phosphatidylserine flip).
Biocolor’s APOPercentage assay is based on the latter. Further information can be found under the ‘Mode of Action’ Tab.
The mammalian cell membrane has been described as a semi‐fluid mosaic structure, composed of phospholipids with a diverse group of inserted proteins and some cholesterol. The phospholipids are the major components of the membrane and are arranged in the form of a ‘bi‐layer’; which is asymmetric in composition, structure, and function.
To ensure normal transmembrane functions the phospholipids must be maintained in an asymmetric composition. The process is regulated by ‘flippases’, which catalyse the active transport of aminophospholipids from the outer to inner monolayer. However, in cells undergoing apoptosis, flippase is overwhelmed by the action of another enzyme, termed ‘floppase’ or ‘scramblase’. The net effect is a scrambling of the phospholipid distribution between the inner and outer monolayers.
The APOPercentage assay utilises an intense, pink-coloured dye reagent which is taken up during in-vitro culture by apoptosis-committed cells. This uptake occurs at the stage of Phosphatidylserine transmembrane movement, as produced by the flipflop mechanism. Dye uptake continues until blebbing occurs. No further dye can then enter the now defunct cell and the dye that has accumulated within the cell is not released (unlike necrotic cells which release dye).
Since the dye reagent is excluded or not retained by healthy or necrotic cells it therefore acts as a specific label for apoptotic cells.
Labelled apoptosis cells may then by conveniently analysed by the following methods:
Direct Analysis
The intense pink colour of the labelled cells can be visually assessed using brightfield microscopy. Apoptosis in substrate-adherent cell populations is therefore readily quantified using image analysis techniques. This technique is the most sensitive with the ability of detecting one single apoptotic cell per well.
Colorimetry protocol
Dye that accumulates within apoptotic cells is released into solution via addition of Dye Release Reagent. The concentration of this intracellular dye is then measured at 550nm using a microplate colorimeter/spectrophotometer.
NB: The APOPercentage assay kit does NOT require the use of a Flow Cytometer.
A single cell (via image analysis method)
Colorimetric (550nm) (Endpoint) or Image Analysis based
Sufficient for 4×24 well plates or 6×96 well plates
Adherent mammalian cells (in-vitro)
1. APOPercentage Dye (1x5ml)
2. Dye Release Reagent (1x150ml)
3. Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) (1x120ml)
4. 24-well starter plate.
5. Assay kit manual.
The Colorimetric Protocol requires a Microplate Colorimeter / Spectrophotometer.
Additional 96-well plates will be required for use when reading dye absorbance values.
The Direct Detection Protocol Requires an inverted stage microscope with an attached digital camera.
NB: Additional reagents (typically culture medium and suitable apoptosis treatments) may be required for sample preparation prior to assay. Consult manual or contact us for further details.
The APOPercentage™ Apoptosis kit is a dye-based, colorimetric assay for detection and measurement of apoptosis (programmed cell death) during in-vitro cell culture.
Norovirus is a single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus belonging to the Caliciviridae family. Norovirus is considered the major causative agent of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. The main channel of transmittance is via contaminated food or water, as well as human-to-human contact. Most Noroviruses infecting humans belong to genogroup I and II (particularly genotype 4). Norovirus is very stable in the environment and is resistant to some surface disinfectants such as alcohols and detergents. Moreover, it is very difficult to culture Norovirus in vitro, making its identification by standard microbiological assays challenging.
NoV TaqMan RT-PCR Kit, 100 reactions
NoV TaqMan RT-PCR Probe/Primer Set and Controls, 100 reactions
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Storage Conditions and Product Stability
All kit components can be stored for 1 year after the date of production without showing any reduction in performance.
All kit components should be stored at -20°C upon arrival.
| Component | Cat. TM41450 (100 preps) | Cat. TM41410 (100 preps) |
|---|---|---|
| MDx TaqMan 2X PCR Master Mix | 2 x 700 μL | – |
| NoV Primer & Probe Mix | 280 μL | 280 μL |
| NoV Positive Control | 150 μL | 150 μL |
| Nuclease-Free Water (Negative Control) | 1.25 mL | 1.25 mL |
| Product Insert | 1 | 1 |
