Propargyl-PEG3-amine is a PEG linker that is reactive with carboxylic acids, activated NHS esters, carbonyls (ketone, aldehyde) etc. The propargyl group reacts with azides in copper catalyzed azide-alkyne Click Chemistry. Reagent grade, for research purpose. Please contact us for GMP-grade inquiries.
Propargyl-PEG3-amine is a PEG linker that is reactive with carboxylic acids, activated NHS esters, carbonyls (ketone, aldehyde) etc. The propargyl group reacts with azides in copper catalyzed azide-alkyne Click Chemistry. Reagent grade, for research purpose. Please contact us for GMP-grade inquiries.
Not all cyanobacterial strains produce toxins. However, the toxin-producing strains cannot be distinguished from the nontoxin-producing strains by traditional light microscopy, commonlyused to monitor water bodies. An alternative for the differentiation of potentially toxic strains from nontoxic strains is to use molecular methods to detect the presence of toxin biosynthetic genes. Such methods are already available and could be used for the detection and identification of potential microcystin and nodularin producers present in environmental samples (Attogene catalog number NA2024).
Screening for the toxin itself, can be very costly. In turn, real time PCR for the detection of a gene region responsible for assembling in cyanobacterial strains and environmental samples can be a key indicator for the prescense of cyanobacteria capable of expressing the aetokthonotoxin toxin. Attogen has thus, designed primer pairs and probes targeting a the conserved gene region in order to enable the amplification and detection of several producer genera using real time PCR. Screening for the toxin genes can save significant costs and act as a triage for samples needing to be analyzed for the toxin itself.
Cyanobacterial neurotoxin aetokthonotoxin (AETX), a peculiar pentabrominated biindole alkaloid implicated in fatal Vacuolar Myelinopathy. This neurodegenerative disease was first recorded in 1994 during an outbreak of bald-eagle poisonings at De Gray Lake in Arkansas, USA. AETX was experimentally confirmed to be produced by the true branching heterocytous cyanobacterium Aetokthonos hydrillicola. The production of AETX is dependent on bromide (Br−) availability, and likely linked to its hyper-accumulation by the host plan. Thus regular monitoring of A. hydrillicola (accompanied by assessment of Br− and AETX levels) is highly advisable to predict the possible threat of further VM outbreaks.
The cyanobacterial AetA gene which encodes the unique FAD-dependent halogenase involved in the pathway for AETX synthesis has been adapted to develop a -aetokthonotoxin specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay.
Real time qPCR kit for AetA gene
For screening aetokthonotoxin gene cluster
Use in combination with Attogene Algae DNA isolation kit
Description
ExcelRT™ Reverse Transcription Kit II is a complete, efficient and convenient kit to synthesize high quality first strand cDNA. This kit contains ExcelRT™ Reverse Transcriptase, which is able to synthesize the first strand cDNA at 37~50°C. The ExcelRT™ Reverse Transcriptase is a recombinant Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase, which is designed to reduce RNase H activity and create better thermal stability. This kit also contains RNAok™ RNase Inhibitor, which is active against RNase A, RNase B, and RNase C. This product is supplied with optimized RT Buffer and Oligo (dT)/Random Primer Mix for highly efficient synthesis of short chain cDNA suitable for real-time PCR.
Features
Application
Storage
-20°C for 24 months
ExcelRT™ Reverse Transcription Kit II is a complete, efficient and convenient kit to synthesize high quality first strand cDNA. This kit contains ExcelRT™ Reverse Transcriptase, which is able to synthesize the first strand cDNA at 37~50°C. The ExcelRT™ Reverse Transcriptase is a recombinant Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase, which is designed to reduce RNase H activity and create better thermal stability. This kit also contains RNAok™ RNase Inhibitor, which is active against RNase A, RNase B, and RNase C. This product is supplied with optimized RT Buffer and Oligo (dT)/Random Primer Mix for highly efficient synthesis of short chain cDNA suitable for real-time PCR.
These kits provide a fast, reliable and convenient method to purify and concentrate high quality, high purity and inhibitor-free cell-free circulating RNA, including exosomal RNA as well as viral RNA from fresh, preserved or frozen urine samples. All components for the purification are provided in one convenient and fast kit for the easy processing of small input volumes of bodily fluids. The purified urine RNA is fully compatible with all downstream applications including PCR, qPCR, methylation-sensitive reverse transcription qPCR, reverse transcription PCR, Northern blotting, RNase protection and primer extension, expression array assays, and NGS.
Background
Recent evidence indicates that cell-free circulating RNA (cf-RNA) including exosomal RNA in urine contains valuable information for the discovery of biomarkers that can help for the early detection of certain cancer types and for monitoring the disease status as well as for the detection of any infectious pathogens. Exosomes can be found in saliva, blood, urine, amniotic fluid and malignant ascitic fluids, among other biological fluids. Evidence has been accumulating recently that these vesicles act as cellular messengers, conveying information to distant cells and tissues within the body. These exosomes may play a functional role in mediating adaptive immune responses to infectious agents and tumours, tissue repair, neural communication and transfer of pathogenic proteins. For this reason exosomal RNAs may serve as biomarkers for various diseases including cancer. The advantage for using urine as a source for cancer biomarkers is that it can be acquired in large quantities without using invasive procedures. In addition, repeated sampling from the same individual is applicable, which facilitates longitudinal studies. There are many advantages favouring the use of urinary nucleic acid for cancer biomarker discovery over blood, tissue samples or other bodily fluids, including: (1) urine is non-infectious for HIV and less infectious for many other pathogens; (2) the profile of urinary nucleic acid is similar to that in plasma or serum but with a lower concentration; (3) Nucleic acid purification from urine is technically much easier because of its low protein concentration (1000-fold lower than blood).
Urine Cell-Free Circulating RNA Purification Mini Kit
For sample volumes ranging from 250 µL to 2 mL.
Urine Cell-Free Circulating RNA Purification Midi Kit
For sample volumes ranging from 2 mL to 10 mL. The first column will handle the large volume input of urine that is followed by a concentration on a mini column for a final elution of 50 µL to 100 µL.
Urine Cell-Free Circulating RNA Purification Maxi Kit
For sample volumes ranging from 10 mL to 30 mL. The first column will handle the large volume input of urine that is followed by a concentration on a mini column for a final elution of 50 µL to 100 µL
Figure 1 / 9
Click for expanded view
| Kit Specifications | |
| Minimum Urine Input | 10 mL |
| Maximum Urine Input | 30 mL |
| Size of RNA Purified | All sizes including miRNA and small RNA (< 200 nt) |
| Elution Volume | 50-100 μL |
| Time to Complete 10 Purifications | 40-45 minutes |
| Average Yields | Variable depending on specimen |
*Please check page 6 of the product insert for average yields and common RNA quantification methods.
Storage Conditions and Product Stability
All buffers should be kept tightly sealed and stored at room temperature. These kits are stable for 2 years after the date of shipment. It is recommended to warm Lysis Buffer A for 20 minutes at 60°C if any salt precipitation is observed.
| Component | Cat. 56900 (50 preps) | Cat. 57000 (20 preps) | Cat. 57100 (10 preps) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Binding Solution K | 25 mL | 75 mL | 1 x 75 mL 1 x 25 mL |
| Lysis Buffer A | 30 mL | 20 mL | 20 mL |
| Wash Solution A | 18 mL | 18 mL | 18 mL |
| Elution Solution A | 6 mL | 6 mL | 6 mL |
| Mini Spin Columns | 50 | 20 | 10 |
| Midi Spin Columns | – | 20 | – |
| Maxi Spin Columns | – | – | 10 |
| Collection Tubes | 50 | 20 | 10 |
| Elution Tubes (1.7 mL) | 50 | 20 | 10 |
| Product Insert | 1 | 1 | 1 |
