Not all cyanobacterial strains produce toxins. However, the toxin-producing strains cannot be distinguished from the nontoxin-producing strains by traditional light microscopy, commonlyused to monitor water bodies. An alternative for the differentiation of potentially toxic strains from nontoxic strains is to use molecular methods to detect the presence of toxin biosynthetic genes. Such methods are already available and could be used for the detection and identification of potential microcystin and nodularin producers present in environmental samples (Attogene catalog number NA2024).
Screening for the toxin itself, can be very costly. In turn, real time PCR for the detection of a gene region responsible for assembling in cyanobacterial strains and environmental samples can be a key indicator for the prescense of cyanobacteria capable of expressing the aetokthonotoxin toxin. Attogen has thus, designed primer pairs and probes targeting a the conserved gene region in order to enable the amplification and detection of several producer genera using real time PCR. Screening for the toxin genes can save significant costs and act as a triage for samples needing to be analyzed for the toxin itself.
Cyanobacterial neurotoxin aetokthonotoxin (AETX), a peculiar pentabrominated biindole alkaloid implicated in fatal Vacuolar Myelinopathy. This neurodegenerative disease was first recorded in 1994 during an outbreak of bald-eagle poisonings at De Gray Lake in Arkansas, USA. AETX was experimentally confirmed to be produced by the true branching heterocytous cyanobacterium Aetokthonos hydrillicola. The production of AETX is dependent on bromide (Br−) availability, and likely linked to its hyper-accumulation by the host plan. Thus regular monitoring of A. hydrillicola (accompanied by assessment of Br− and AETX levels) is highly advisable to predict the possible threat of further VM outbreaks.
The cyanobacterial AetA gene which encodes the unique FAD-dependent halogenase involved in the pathway for AETX synthesis has been adapted to develop a -aetokthonotoxin specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay.
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Real time qPCR kit for AetA gene
For screening aetokthonotoxin gene cluster
Use in combination with Attogene Algae DNA isolation kit
bis-PEG4-endo-BCN is a homobifunctional click chemistry linker, PEG increase its aqueous solubility. The BCN group enable copper free click chemitry with azide-tagged molecules. Reagent grade, for research purpose. Please contact us for GMP-grade inquiries.
Document
bis-PEG4-endo-BCN is a homobifunctional click chemistry linker, PEG increase its aqueous solubility. The BCN group enable copper free click chemitry with azide-tagged molecules. Reagent grade, for research purpose. Please contact us for GMP-grade inquiries.
[DM4100] ExcelBand™ XL 25 kb DNA Ladder, Broad Range (up to 25 kb), 500 μl
Product Info
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Product Info
Description
The DM4100 ExcelBand™ XL 25 kb DNA Ladder is a ready-to-use DNA ladder, which is pre-mixed with loading dye for direct gel loading. The DNA Ladder DM4100 is composed of 14 individual DNA fragments: 25k, 10k, 8k, 6k, 5k, 4k, 3k, 2.5k, 2k, 1.5k, 1k, 750, 500, and 250 base pairs derived from a mixture of PCR products and specifically digested plasmid DNA. This product contains two enhanced bands (3 kb and 1 kb) for easier reference. In addition, two tracking dyes, Xylene cyanol FF and Bromophenol blue which mimic the migration of 4,000 bp and 500 bp dsDNA during electrophoresis are also added for real time monitoring.
Features
Sharp bands
Quick reference— enhanced bands
Ready-to-use— premixed with loading dye for direct loading
Stable— room temperature storage over 6 months
Source
Phenol extracted PCR products and dsDNA digested with specific restriction enzymes, equilibrated in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 10 mM EDTA.
Range
250 ~ 25,000 bp
Concentration
51.6 µg/ 500 µl
Recommended loading volume
5 µl/ well
Storage
Room temperature for 6 months 4°C for 12 months -20°C for 36 months
Document
The DM4100 ExcelBand™ XL 25 kb DNA Ladder is a ready-to-use DNA ladder, which is pre-mixed with loading dye for direct gel loading. The DNA Ladder DM4100 is composed of 14 individual DNA fragments: 25k, 10k, 8k, 6k, 5k, 4k, 3k, 2.5k, 2k, 1.5k, 1k, 750, 500, and 250 base pairs derived from a mixture of PCR products and specifically digested plasmid DNA. This product contains two enhanced bands (3 kb and 1 kb) for easier reference. In addition, two tracking dyes, Xylene cyanol FF and Bromophenol blue which mimic the migration of 4,000 bp and 500 bp dsDNA during electrophoresis are also added for real time monitoring.
