Salmonella spp. are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, flagellated, rod-shaped organisms. They are approximately 0.7 to 1.5 µm in diameter and 2 to 5 µm in length and responsible for a large number of cases of foodborne illness throughout the world. Salmonella have circular DNA genomes with a mean length of approximately 4530 kb, although this can vary by up 1000 kb. Salmonella classification is extremely complex, however, the genus is divided into two species: S. enterica and S.bongori. S. enterica is then itself divided into 6 biochemically distinct subspecies and the Salmonella genus is further classified into serovars (serotypes) based on the lipopolysaccharide (O), flagella protein (H), and sometimes the capsular (VI) antigens. There are more than 2500 known serovars and within a serovar there may be strains that differ in virulence.
Salmonella are mainly transmitted by the faecal-oral route. They are carried asymptomatically in the intestines or gall bladder of many animals, being continuously or intermittently shed in the faeces. Humans can become infected if they do not wash their hands after contact with infected animals or animal faeces. In such instances the bacteria adhere to and enter the cells of the intestinal epithelium. The toxins produced by the bacteria can damage and kill the cells that line the intestines, which results in intestinal fluid loss. The bacteria can survive for weeks in a dry environment and far longer in water thus they are frequently present in polluted waters. Salmonella can also be carried latently in the mesenteric lymph nodes or tonsils; these bacteria are not shed, but can become reactivated after stress or immunosuppression. In addition, fomites and vectors can spread Salmonella and vertical transmission occurs in birds, with contamination of the vitalize membrane, albumen and possibly the yolk of eggs. Salmonella spp. can also be transmitted in utero in mammals.
There are two different disease conditions that are distinct to salmonellosis; gastroenteritis and enteric typhoid fever. The gastroenteritis is a nonsystemic infection of the intestinal tract and regional lymph nodes that gives rise to headache, muscle aches, diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, chills, fever, nausea and dehydration. In contrast, the enteric typhoid fever is a systemic disease in which the microorganism replicates within the cells of the reticuloendothelial system. The symptoms usually appear 6 to 72 hours after ingesting contaminated food although individuals can be infected with the bacteria without having symptoms. Those with and without symptoms shed the bacteria in their stool and it is important that personal hygiene be maintained at all times.
Exceptional value for money
Rapid detection of all clinically relevant subtypes
Positive copy number standard curve for quantification
Highly specific detection profile
High priming efficiency
Broad dynamic detection range (>6 logs)
Sensitive to < 100 copies of target
Accurate controls to confirm findings
t-Boc-N-Amido-PEG7-propargyl is a crosslinking reagent that enables the formation of triazole linkage with azides under the catalyzation of copper. The Boc-protected amine can be deprotected under mild acidic conditions. By introducing PEG chain into the molecule, the hydrophilicity can be greatly improved. Reagent grade, for research purpose. Please contact us for GMP-grade inquiries.
t-Boc-N-Amido-PEG7-propargyl is a crosslinking reagent that enables the formation of triazole linkage with azides under the catalyzation of copper. The Boc-protected amine can be deprotected under mild acidic conditions. By introducing PEG chain into the molecule, the hydrophilicity can be greatly improved. Reagent grade, for research purpose. Please contact us for GMP-grade inquiries.
The Norgen UltraRanger 1 kb DNA Ladder is prepared to ensure quality and batch-to-batch consistency. Our UltraRanger contains fifteen discrete fragments ranging from 300 bp to 24000 bp with higher intensity reference bands at 5000 bp and 10000 bp. This ladder is ideal for sizing digested DNA of high molecular weight.
Contents
1mL of premixed DNA ladder (0.5µg/10µL) in loading buffer (10mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 0.015% bromophenol blue, and 0.17% SDS).
Figure 1 / 1
Click for expanded view
UltraRanger 1kb DNA Ladder (Cat# 12100) – 100 loads
Ladder Properties:
• Fifteen discrete fragments ranging from 300 bp to 24000 bp
• Higher intensity reference bands at 5000 bp and 10000 bp
| Fragment | Size (bp) | Mass (ng) |
| 1 | 24000 | 30 |
| 2 | 14000 | 27 |
| 3 | 10000 | 60 |
| 4 | 8000 | 44 |
| 5 | 6000 | 36 |
| 6 | 5000 | 55 |
| 7 | 4000 | 49 |
| 8 | 3000 | 39 |
| 9 | 2500 | 35 |
| 10 | 2000 | 30 |
| 11 | 1500 | 33 |
| 12 | 1000 | 10 |
| 13 | 700 | 21 |
| 14 | 500 | 18 |
| 15 | 300 | 11 |
Recommended Use:
Mix thoroughly. For best results, load 10µL of DNA ladder per well. For precise mass determination with a densitometer, stain gel after electrophoresis using 0.5µg/mL ethidium bromide for 30-40 minutes. The table above shows the size and mass for each band based on 10µL ladder per well.
Storage:
Stable at room temperature. For longer term storage, -20°C is recommended.
This ladder was standardized using 10µL of DNA per lane on a 0.8 cm thick, 13 x 15 cm, 1.0% agarose gel run in TAE buffer.